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        <title>Animal Ecology Student Projects</title>
        <link>http://www.animalecology.nl/student_projects/</link>
        <description>A regularly updated list of student projects which are available in the Leiden Animal Ecology Lab.

Only the three most recent project proposals are shown. Descriptions of BsC projects are often in Dutch. 
Search the archives for additional projects.</description>
        <language>en</language>
        <copyright>Copyright 2010</copyright>
        <lastBuildDate>Sat, 30 Aug 2008 22:14:46 +0000</lastBuildDate>
        <generator>http://www.sixapart.com/movabletype/</generator>
        <docs>http://www.rssboard.org/rss-specification</docs>
        
        <item>
            <title>Ossification and behaviour, do they interact?</title>
            <description><![CDATA[<p>With calcein vital stains and using UV light, it is possible to see the skeleton of young fish very well, while they don't need to be anesthesised or x-rayed.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>
<p>
<p><img class="mt-image-none" style="WIDTH: 166px; HEIGHT: 232px" height="615" alt="calcein.jpg" src="http://www.animalecology.nl/student_projects/2008/08/30/calcein.jpg" width="487" />(<font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">Photo Craig Albertson</font>)</p>
<p>We have two systems in the lab where such observations can be very useful to help us answer research questions on interactions between morphology and behaviour:</p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p>- Annual killifish sometimes show cannibalism as fry. Very often the cannibals grow to much larger sizes than their non-cannibalising kin. Is cannibalism inducing morphological allometric changes in the head, such that cannibals start looking more like related piscivorous species?</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>- Scale-eating cichlids often have asymmetric beaks, pointing either to the left or to the right. That is supposed to make them more efficient when attacking prey to rip some scales off&nbsp;their flanks. Is this asymmetry present from early ossification? Or is it determined by behavioural preferences, such that young scale-eaters are still rather symmetric?</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>This is a project for a Bsc. or Msc. student. In collaboration with the technical workshop, the student will build a setup where behaviour of fry can be observed and photographs of the skeleton made. This setup will be tested and improved using fry of annual killifish, of which we have a steady weekly supply. Then an experiment using fry of scale-eating cichlids will be carried out.</p>
<p>Supervision is by Tom JM Van Dooren (<a href="mailto:t.j.m.van.dooren@biology.leidenuniv.nl">t.j.m.van.dooren@biology.leidenuniv.nl</a>)</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>]]></description>
            <link>http://www.animalecology.nl/student_projects/2008/08/ossification-and-behaviour-do.html</link>
            <guid>http://www.animalecology.nl/student_projects/2008/08/ossification-and-behaviour-do.html</guid>
            
                <category domain="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category">Bachelor Project</category>
            
                <category domain="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category">Master Project</category>
            
            
            <pubDate>Sat, 30 Aug 2008 22:14:46 +0000</pubDate>
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        <item>
            <title>Handedness in scale-eating cichlids: is it in the bones?</title>
            <description><![CDATA[<p>Scale-eating cichlids from Lake Tanganyika offer an inspiring example of frequency-dependent selection in action. Adults of P. microlepis are either <em>left-handed</em>, with a beak oriented towards the left, or <em>right-handed</em>, with their beak towards the right.</p>
<p>Lef-handed fish attack the right flanks of prey, right-handed fish the left flanks. Frequency dependence is caused by the prey: when one scale-eating morph is rare, the prey doesn't expect attacks from the corresponding side, giving a rarity advantage.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>
<p>
<p><img class="mt-image-none" style="WIDTH: 282px; HEIGHT: 200px" height="540" alt="" src="http://www.animalecology.nl/student_projects/images/frontperiss.jpg" width="720" /></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>It is believed that handedness is caused by one major gene with dominance-recessivity. In our lab, however, we discovered that that cannot be true. We also find many rather symmetric fish, such that handedness in scale-eating cichlids might just be another example of fluctuating asymmetry.</p></p></p>
<p>Our measures of handedness so far are based on morphometric analysis of head outlines (contours). Old papers on <em>P. eccentricus</em> claim that there was a clear handedness in the jaw bones.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>We now want to complement our contour morphometrics with an analysis of jaw bone variation, to check whether they are concordant or not, whether jaw bone asymmetry is more discrete than our contour measures, and whether jaw bone asymmetry correlates with differences in attack behaviour.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>This is a six-month project for a Msc student. The student will do attack preference experiments, morphometrics from digital photographs of heads, and from x-ray photographs.</p>
<p>Supervision is by Tom JM Van Dooren (<a href="mailto:t.j.m.van.dooren@biology.leidenuniv.nl">t.j.m.van.dooren@biology.leidenuniv.nl</a>) and Frans Witte.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>]]></description>
            <link>http://www.animalecology.nl/student_projects/2008/08/handedness-in-scaleeating-cich.html</link>
            <guid>http://www.animalecology.nl/student_projects/2008/08/handedness-in-scaleeating-cich.html</guid>
            
                <category domain="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category">Master Project</category>
            
            
            <pubDate>Sat, 30 Aug 2008 21:58:19 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        
        <item>
            <title>Life-history trade-offs between developmental time, longevity and fecundity</title>
            <description><![CDATA[<p>Braconid parasitoids of Drosophila lay their eggs in the larvae of Drosophila. They are represented on all continents. As Drosophila melanogaster has now a cosmopolitan distribution this species has become an important host for many Asobara species. Currently we keep 5 species in our laboratory: Asobara tabida, a palearctic species, A. citri, an African species, A. japonicus from Japan, A. pleuralis from Indonesia and A. persimilis from Australia.&nbsp; Although D. melanogaster has the same developmental period from egg to adult in worldwide, the 5 Asobara species differ markedly in developmental time, from 21 days in A.tabida to 12 days in A. pleuralis, measured at 25 C, with the other species having intermediate developmental times. This poses the question which selective pressures act on developmental time, and which constraints prevent species to have shorter developemental times. Our hypothesis is that a shorter developmental time has costs, because it is traded off against other life-history characters, like fecundity or longevity.<br />The practical work involves measuring of size, weight, egg load, fecundity and lipoprotein contents of Asobara wasps reared under standard laboratory conditions.</p>
<p>This project can be done as BSc stage (4 months), or be extended to a MSc research project.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Supervision: Majeed Askari Seyahooei &amp; Jacques van Alphen</p>
<p>Contact: <a href="mailto:m.a.seyahooei@biology.leidenuniv.nl">m.a.seyahooei@biology.leidenuniv.nl</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>]]></description>
            <link>http://www.animalecology.nl/student_projects/2008/04/lifehistory-tradeoffs-between.html</link>
            <guid>http://www.animalecology.nl/student_projects/2008/04/lifehistory-tradeoffs-between.html</guid>
            
                <category domain="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category">Bachelor Project</category>
            
                <category domain="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category">Master Project</category>
            
            
            <pubDate>Sun, 27 Apr 2008 13:54:43 +0000</pubDate>
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        <item>
            <title>The cost of metabolic rate on the longevity and fecundity of Leptopilina boulardi</title>
            <description><![CDATA[<p>Leptopilina boulardi is a Drosophila parasitic wasp originating from Africa, which can now be found in many subtropical and Mediterranean regions as a parasitoid of Drosophila melanogaster. We collect 10 populations of this parasitoid from five different climatic zone in Iran. We culture these lines in our lab since their collection in the summer of 2006. We have measured a number of life history traits of these lines, which show significant variation between lines from different climatic zones. We want to investigate the hypothesis that the observed differences in longevity and metabolic rate for these lines are adaptations to the local climate. Several lines originated from the Caspian coast with a very wet and mild climate, while others originate from the hot and dry desert and Mediterranean climates found in the interior of Iran. Coastal and interior collection sites differ enormously in rainfall and seasonal temperatures.<br />To study if metabolic rate is an adaptation to local climateto and to study how metabolic rate affects the trade-off between longevity and fecundity we will measure longevity of different lines at a constant temperature and measuring the metabolic rate of individuals in a group of 20 wasps with a sensitive respirometer at different ages of the wasps, at time of emerging, 5, 10, 15 and 20 days after emerging. The egg loads of the wasps will be measured at the time of dead.<br />Longevity of the wasp will be measured in the presence of food and without food and egg load of the wasps will be measured at the time of death when the body is still fresh by dissection of the ovarioles and by counting the eggs on photographs of dissected ovarioles.</p>
<p>Supervision: Majeed Askari Seyahooei &amp; Jacques van Alphen</p>
<p>Contact: <a href="mailto:m.a.seyahooei@biology.leidenuniv.nl">m.a.seyahooei@biology.leidenuniv.nl</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>]]></description>
            <link>http://www.animalecology.nl/student_projects/2008/04/the-cost-of-metabolic-rate-on.html</link>
            <guid>http://www.animalecology.nl/student_projects/2008/04/the-cost-of-metabolic-rate-on.html</guid>
            
                <category domain="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category">Bachelor Project</category>
            
                <category domain="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category">Master Project</category>
            
            
            <pubDate>Sun, 27 Apr 2008 13:53:02 +0000</pubDate>
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        <item>
            <title>The effect of different resources of energy allocation on longevity and fecundity of Asobara species</title>
            <description><![CDATA[<p>Asobara species are Braconid larval parasitoids of Drosophila. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution and can be found in all major climatic zones. Larval feeding and genetic background of different species strongly affects the energy allocation of these parasitoids. Our studies on five species of Asobara, A. tabida, A. citri, A. pleuralis, A. persimilis and A. japonica show significant variation on lipid resources and egg mass(egg load &amp; egg size) of these parasitoids at emergence from the host's puparium. The parasitoids can either allocate resources to reproduction or to the maintenance of its own body. The best strategy of allocation depends on, climatic conditions and the spatial and temporal distribution of hosts in their country of origin. Our hypothesis is that different sources of energy, lipids, glycogen and sugars may play a different role in the trade-off between longevity and fecundity of the parasitoids. To study the allocation of these resources to reproduction and longevity we plan to do a series of experiments with these five species to measure energy reserves and egg loads in the course of their adult lives. These measurements will be done for a group of 30 wasps reared under the same conditions at different times after emergence: directly after emerging, after five days, 10 days, and 15 days of adult age and at the time of dead. The energy reserve will be measured by colorimetric methods and egg loads will be recorded by photography of dissected ovariols.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Supervision: Majeed Askari Seyahooei &amp; Jacques van Alphen</p>
<p>Contact: <a href="mailto:m.a.seyahooei@biology.leidenuniv.nl">m.a.seyahooei@biology.leidenuniv.nl</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br /></p>]]></description>
            <link>http://www.animalecology.nl/student_projects/2008/04/the-effect-of-different-resour.html</link>
            <guid>http://www.animalecology.nl/student_projects/2008/04/the-effect-of-different-resour.html</guid>
            
                <category domain="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category">Bachelor Project</category>
            
                <category domain="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category">Master Project</category>
            
            
            <pubDate>Sun, 27 Apr 2008 13:50:34 +0000</pubDate>
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        <item>
            <title>Competition for hosts by Asobara pleuralis</title>
            <description><![CDATA[<p>Braconid parasitoids of Drosophila lay their eggs in the larvae of Drosophila. In many species of parasitoids, females arriving on the same host patch search for hosts without any sign of interference between them and may lay eggs in hosts already parasitized by a competing female.&nbsp; In such (superparasitized) hosts, competition occurs between first instar parasitoid larvae. The larvae engage in a physical fight. The winner kills the loser by piercing it with its mandibles.<br />However, sometimes a different competitive strategy is found, e.g. patch defense by a searching female, was observed in the parasitoid Asobara citri. The first female A.citri to arrive on a patch will attack later arriving females and chase them away and patrol the patch edge to prevent a second intrusion. In the past we have developed theories on the adaptive meaning of these two competitive modes, and predicted that patch defence can only evolve when travel times between patches are short. The latter is commonly found in tropical regions where fermenting fruits, the breeding site of Drosophila, can be locally abundant.<br />We have recently started to study Asobara pleuralis, a species from Sulawesi in Indonesia, and would like to know whether it competes by superparasitism, by patch defence, or by any other means.<br />The practical work in this project consists of behavioural experiments, in which female A.pleuralis will be confronted with intruding competitors. Fitness, expressed as number of offspring produced per unit of time will be measured in the presence and in the absence of intruders. Likewise we will measure intruder fitness and compare to the alternative strategy of traveling to a new patch and produce offspring there.</p>
<p>This project can be done as BSc stage (4 months), or be extended to a MSc research project.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Supervision: Majeed Askari &amp; Jacques van Alphen</p>
<p>Contact: <a href="mailto:m.a.seyahooei@biology.leidenuniv.nl">m.a.seyahooei@biology.leidenuniv.nl</a> &nbsp;</p>]]></description>
            <link>http://www.animalecology.nl/student_projects/2008/04/competition-for-hosts-by-asoba.html</link>
            <guid>http://www.animalecology.nl/student_projects/2008/04/competition-for-hosts-by-asoba.html</guid>
            
                <category domain="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category">Bachelor Project</category>
            
            
            <pubDate>Mon, 21 Apr 2008 20:24:43 +0000</pubDate>
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        <item>
            <title>Biodiversity of nocturnal Lepidoptera in the dunes</title>
            <description><![CDATA[<p>The Dutch dunes have and exceptional biodiversity of moth species. Research projects carried out during the field course Animal Ecology revealed that the moth fauna of the Dunes in Wassenaar is far less well known that that of the dunes in the province of North Holland.&nbsp; In addition it is not well understood which factors govern moth biodiversity. Recently the alarming decrease of moth biodiversity in the British Isles was headline news. The dune ecosystem has been changing a lot over the past 50 years. Likewise, the climate in western Europe is changing. To implement good nature management is of paramount importance to understand how moth diversity responds to all these changes.<br />The dune vegetation in the Netherlands has been severely affected by nitrogen deposit, which has resulted in an large increase of tall grasses. In addition, the rabbit populations, in the past severely reduced by myxomatosis have now succumbed to a calcivirus and have been reduced to 10% of their former densities. This has allowed scrubs and trees to expand in area at the expense of open short vegetation. Current management of the dunes is directed at recreating wet dune slacks and to increase short open vegetation again.<br />&nbsp;It is desirable to know how the changes in vegetation have affected moth biodiversity, and how future management can be optimized to in respect to moth diversity.<br />&nbsp;We seek BSc and MSc students who are willing to study existing data on moths distribution in the dutch dunes and measure moth diversity in different vegetation types in the Dunes near Wassenaar.</p>
<p>The practical work will consist of running moth light traps during the night in the dunes and to study the existing data on moth distribution and abundance in relation to changes in vegetation.</p>
<p>Contact: Jacques van Alphen</p>
<p><a href="mailto:j.j.m.van.alphen@biology.leidenuniv.nl">j.j.m.van.alphen@biology.leidenuniv.nl</a></p>]]></description>
            <link>http://www.animalecology.nl/student_projects/2008/04/biodiversity-of-nocturnal-lepi.html</link>
            <guid>http://www.animalecology.nl/student_projects/2008/04/biodiversity-of-nocturnal-lepi.html</guid>
            
                <category domain="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category">Bachelor Project</category>
            
                <category domain="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category">Master Project</category>
            
            
            <pubDate>Mon, 21 Apr 2008 20:08:14 +0000</pubDate>
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            <title>Paternal Sex Ratio chromosoom in de sluipwesp Tetrastichus coeruleus.</title>
            <description><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 1.25em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">
<span class="mt-enclosure mt-enclosure-image" style="DISPLAY: inline"><img class="mt-image-left" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 20px 20px 0px; WIDTH: 179px; HEIGHT: 292px" height="601" alt="tetra.jpg" src="http://www.animalecology.nl/student_projects/images/tetra.jpg" width="436" /></span>De sluipwesp <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Tetrastichus coeruleus</i> is een parasitoid van het aspergehaantje (een kevertje), dat leeft op aspergeplanten op velden voor de teelt of op wilde aspergeplanten in de duinen. <o:p></o:p></font></font></font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 1.25em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">De <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">T. coeruleus</i> populaties die we op de velden vinden zijn seksueel, maar de populaties die we in de duinen vinden zijn aseksueel. Deze populaties zijn geinfecteerd met een <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Wolbachia</i> bacterie, die parthenogenese veroorzaakt. Zo'n populatie bestaat dus alleen maar uit vrouwtjes. <o:p></o:p></font></font></font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 1.25em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">In de meeste parasitoid populaties die zijn geinfecteerd met <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Wolbachia </i>zijn alle individuen geinfecteerd; de infectie is gefixeerd. Maar bij de populaties in de Nederlandse duinen vinden we ook af en toe nog een mannetje of een ongeinfecteerd vrouwtje. <o:p></o:p></font></font></font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 1.25em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">De vraag is: hoe komt dat? Een van de redenen zou kunnen zijn dat de mannetjes in die populaties een Paternal Sex Ratio (PSR) chromosoom hebben. Dat is een zelfzuchtig extra chromosoom dat na bevruchting de vaderlijke helft van de chromosoomset vernietigd. Zo hou je een haploide zygote over en bij haplodiploide organismen zoals sluipwespen wordt dat een mannetje, met in dit geval het extra PSR chomosoom.<o:p></o:p></font></font></font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><o:p><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 1.25em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">Het doel van deze stage is om te bekijken of er een PSR chromosoom aanwezig in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">T. coeruleus</i>. Dit kan worden bekeken door een karyogram te maken, waarop alle chromosomen te zien zijn.<o:p></o:p></font></font></font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><o:p><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 1.25em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">Technieken: veldwerk, karyotypering<o:p></o:p></font></font></font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><o:p><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 1.25em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">Soort stage: Bachelor<o:p></o:p></font></font></font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><o:p><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 1.25em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">Periode: vanaf mei/juni 2008<o:p></o:p></font></font></font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><o:p><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><v:shapetype id=_x0000_t75 coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"><v:stroke joinstyle="miter"></v:stroke><v:formulas><v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></v:f></v:formulas><v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"></v:path><o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"></o:lock></v:shapetype><v:shape id=_x0000_s1026 style="MARGIN-TOP: 18.05pt; Z-INDEX: -1; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; WIDTH: 145.05pt; POSITION: absolute; HEIGHT: 189pt" type="#_x0000_t75" wrapcoords="-112 0 -112 21514 21600 21514 21600 0 -112 0" fillcolor="#0c9"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 1.25em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Tom\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.png" o:title=""></v:imagedata><w:wrap type="tight"></w:wrap></font></font></font></font></font></v:shape><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><o:p><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><o:p><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 1.25em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">Voor vragen kan je me mailen of kom even langs!<o:p></o:p></font></font></font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><o:p><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 1.25em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">Barbara Reumer<o:p></o:p></font></font></font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR"><o:p><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em" color="#000000" size="3">e-mail: </font></span><a href="mailto:B.Reumer@biology.leidenuniv.nl"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em" size="3">B.Reumer@biology.leidenuniv.nl</font></span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR"><o:p><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 1.25em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">Van der Klaauwlaboratorium, sectie Dierenecologie: kamer 2.52<o:p></o:p></font></font></font></font></font></span></p>]]></description>
            <link>http://www.animalecology.nl/student_projects/2008/04/paternal-sex-ratio-chromosoom.html</link>
            <guid>http://www.animalecology.nl/student_projects/2008/04/paternal-sex-ratio-chromosoom.html</guid>
            
                <category domain="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category">Bachelor Project</category>
            
            
            <pubDate>Thu, 17 Apr 2008 12:29:17 +0000</pubDate>
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        <item>
            <title>Paringsgedrag van de sluipwesp Tetrastichus coeruleus</title>
            <description><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 1.25em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">
<span class="mt-enclosure mt-enclosure-image" style="DISPLAY: inline"><img class="mt-image-left" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 20px 20px 0px; WIDTH: 149px; HEIGHT: 202px" height="601" alt="tetra.jpg" src="http://www.animalecology.nl/student_projects/images/tetra.jpg" width="436" /></span><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">De sluipwesp <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Tetrastichus coeruleus</i> is een parasitoid van het aspergehaantje (een kevertje), dat leeft op aspergeplanten op velden voor de teelt of op wilde aspergeplanten in de duinen. <o:p></o:p></font></font></font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 1.25em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">De <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">T. coeruleus</i> populaties die we op de velden vinden zijn seksueel, maar de populaties die we in de duinen vinden zijn aseksueel. Deze populaties zijn geinfecteerd met een <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Wolbachia</i> bacterie, die parthenogenese veroorzaakt. Zo'n populatie bestaat dus alleen maar uit vrouwtjes. <o:p></o:p></font></font></font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 1.25em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">In de meeste parasitoid populaties die zijn geinfecteerd met <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Wolbachia </i>zijn alle individuen geinfecteerd; de infectie is gefixeerd. Maar bij de populaties in de Nederlandse duinen vinden we ook af en toe nog een mannetje of een ongeinfecteerd vrouwtje.<o:p></o:p></font></font></font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 1.25em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">Bovendien komt er op de aspergeplant nog een andere kever voor, die geparasiteerd wordt door een andere nauw verwante sluipwesp, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Tetrastichus crioceris</i>. Alhoewel de twee soorten gespecialiseerd zijn op verschillende kevers en verschillende onderdelen van de plant, zou het mogelijk kunnen zijn dat ze toch af en toe uitwisseling met elkaar hebben.<o:p></o:p></font></font></font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><o:p><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 1.25em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">Het doel van deze stage is om te bekijken of de geinfecteerde vrouwtjes uit de duinen en mannetjes van de velden nog met elkaar willen paren. En zo ja, is er verschil in paringsgedrag tussen de aseksuele vrouwtjes van de duinen en de seksuele vrouwtjes van de velden? Verder ben ik benieuwd of de twee soorten sluipwespen met elkaar willen paren als ze de mogelijkheid krijgen.<o:p></o:p></font></font></font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><o:p><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 1.25em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">Technieken: veldwerk, paringsgedrag observaties<o:p></o:p></font></font></font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><o:p><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 1.25em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">Soort stage: Bachelor<o:p></o:p></font></font></font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><o:p><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 1.25em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">Periode: vanaf mei/juni 2008<o:p></o:p></font></font></font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><o:p><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><v:shapetype id=_x0000_t75 coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"><v:stroke joinstyle="miter"></v:stroke><v:formulas><v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></v:f></v:formulas><v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"></v:path><o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"></o:lock></v:shapetype><v:shape id=_x0000_s1026 style="MARGIN-TOP: 13.25pt; Z-INDEX: -1; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; WIDTH: 145.05pt; POSITION: absolute; HEIGHT: 189pt" type="#_x0000_t75" wrapcoords="-112 0 -112 21514 21600 21514 21600 0 -112 0" fillcolor="#0c9"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 1.25em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Tom\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.png" o:title=""></v:imagedata><w:wrap type="tight"></w:wrap></font></font></font></font></font></v:shape><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><o:p><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><o:p><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 1.25em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">Voor vragen kan je me mailen of kom even langs!<o:p></o:p></font></font></font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><o:p><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 1.25em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">Barbara Reumer<o:p></o:p></font></font></font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR"><o:p><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em" color="#000000" size="3">e-mail: </font></span><a href="mailto:B.Reumer@biology.leidenuniv.nl"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em" size="3">B.Reumer@biology.leidenuniv.nl</font></span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR"><o:p><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 1.25em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">Van der Klaauwlaboratorium, sectie Dierenecologie: kamer 2.52<o:p></o:p></font></font></font></font></font></span></p>]]></description>
            <link>http://www.animalecology.nl/student_projects/2008/04/paringsgedrag-van-de-sluipwesp.html</link>
            <guid>http://www.animalecology.nl/student_projects/2008/04/paringsgedrag-van-de-sluipwesp.html</guid>
            
                <category domain="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category">Bachelor Project</category>
            
            
            <pubDate>Thu, 17 Apr 2008 10:00:16 +0000</pubDate>
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        <item>
            <title>Temperature, the cellular immune response of the host and host selection by a parasitoid</title>
            <description><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">Insects can defend themselves against pathogens and parasites by a cellular immune </font></font></font></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">response. Recognition of a foreign body in the hemolymph results in aggregation of certain </font></font></font></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">types of blood cells around the foreign body. These cells form a dense capsule in which </font></font></font></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">melanine is secreted and the foreign body is killed either by asphyxiation or by poisoning.<o:p></o:p></font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">Endoparasitoids often place their eggs in the body cavity of insect larvae and are vulnerable to </font></font></font></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">the cellular immune response of the host. Endo-parasitoids have evolved a number of </font></font></font></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">mechanisms to escape encapsulation. In several species the egg is placed inside the brain, or </font></font></font></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">under the cells lining of the gut and escape in such a manner exposure to the host's immune </font></font></font></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">response. Other parasitoids produce viruslike particles, which are injected into the host at </font></font></font></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">oviposition. The viruslike particles are instrumental in killing blood cells and preventing their </font></font></font></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">multiplication. Yet other parasitoids have a protein coating on the outside of the egg, which </font></font></font></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">makes that the egg is not recognized as foreign. Finally, some parasitoids have a coating of </font></font></font></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">sticky proteins on the egg, which make the egg adhere to gut and fat tissue of the host. Blood </font></font></font></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">cells can no longer reach the parts of the egg covered by fat tissue or gut, and encapsulation of </font></font></font></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">the egg is no longer possible.<o:p></o:p></font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">To escape encapsulation for parasitoids is often a race against the clock and the </font></font></font></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">outcome of the battle between the immune system of the host and the ploys of the parasitoid </font></font></font></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">to escape encapsulation may therefore depend on the temperature. In the parasitoid-host </font></font></font></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">relation between <i>Drosophila melanogaster </i>and <i>Asobara tabida</i>, an increase in rearing </font></font></font></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">temperature from 20°C to 25°C resulted in a significant increase in encapsulation of the </font></font></font></span><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">parasitoid's eggs (van Alphen &amp; Drijver, 1982) </font></font></font></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">In western Europe, the preferred host of <i>Asobara tabida </i>is <i>D.subobscura</i>. This species </font></font></font></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">lacks the ability to encapsulate parasitoid eggs and is therefore a high quality host for<o:p></o:p></font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><i><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">A.tabida</span></i><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">. The cosmopolitan <i>D.melanogaster</i>, of African origin, is also used as host. In </span></font></font></font><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">northern </span><st1:place><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Europe</span></st1:place><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">, this host is only accepted when <i>D.subobscura </i>is rare. In southern </span><st1:place><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Europe</span></st1:place><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">, </span></font></font></font><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><i><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">D.subobscura </span></i><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">is often absent during the warm summer months, and <i>D.melanogaster </i>is more </span></font></font></font><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">often used as host. Southern populations of <i>A.tabida </i>are better in evading the immune </font></font></font></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">response of <i>D.melanogaster</i>, but still may suffer significant egg mortality by encapsulation of </font></font></font></span><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">the eggs (Kraaijeveld &amp; van Alphen, 198?).</font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><o:p></o:p></font></font></font></span>&nbsp;</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">In this project we want to investigate the potential effects of a warmer climate on the </font></font></font></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">rate of encapsulation of <i>A.tabida </i>eggs by <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>. We predict that </font></font></font></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">encapsulation rate will increase with temperature, as found before. If indeed we find that </font></font></font></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">encapsulation of <i>A.tabida </i>eggs varies with temperature, we can use the finding that the </font></font></font></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">profitability of <i>D.melanogaster </i>as host varies with temperature to predict host species </font></font></font></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">selection. </font></font></font></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><em>A.tabida </em>females are most often time limited (Ellers et al., 200?) hence they can maximize </font></font></font></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">their fitness by maximizing the number of offspring per unit of time. We can now calculate </font></font></font></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">whether an <i>A.tabida </i>female should accept or reject <i>D.melanogaster </i>larvae when foraging on a </font></font></font></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">patch containing a mixture of both species of larvae. </font></font></font></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">Optimal host species selection depends on the encounter rates with both <i>D.subobscura </i>larvae </font></font></font></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">and <i>D.melanogaster </i>larvae, on oviposition and recognition times and on host profitability. </font></font></font></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">To test the predictions of this simple host selection model We measure profitability of </font></font></font></span><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><i><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">D.subobscura </span></i><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">larvae and <i>D. melanogaster </i>larvae at 18°C, 21°C and 24°C for the Sospel strain </span></font></font></font><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">of <i>A.tabida</i>. </font></font></font></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">Next we allow <i>A.tabida </i>females of the Sospel strain to search at 21°C for <i>D.subobscura </i></font></font></font></span><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">and/or <i>D.melanogaster </i>larvae at different densities and measure </span><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">s and </span><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">m. Similar </span></font></font></font><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">experiments at 18°C and 24°C will show if encounter rates increase with temperature or not. </font></font></font></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">Using the optimal host selection model, we then calculate at which density they should begin </font></font></font></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">to accept D.melanogaster larvae.<o:p></o:p></font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">Next we do host selection experiments offering equal numbers of <i>D.melanogaster </i>and </font></font></font></span><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><i><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">D.subobscura </span></i><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">at the density where they should switch. Stochastic variation in encounter rates </span></font></font></font><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">with both species will cause partial acceptance and partial rejection of D.melanogaster larvae </font></font></font></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">in this experiment. We then repeat the experiments at 18°C and 24°C. The predicted outcome<o:p></o:p></font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">is that rejection rates will be higher at 24°C and lower at 18°C. </font></font></font></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">This tells us that <i>A.tabida </i>responds or not to temperature with a switch in host selection </font></font></font></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">behaviour. Although finding a response would be spectacular, establishing that such a </font></font></font></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">response is lacking is also useful to predict the change in impact of <i>A.tabida </i>on </font></font></font></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">D.melanogaster populations when the climate becomes warmer.</font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"></span>&nbsp;</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">Contact: Jacques van Alphen</font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">(<a href="http://132.229.50.4/~alphen/">http://132.229.50.4/~alphen/</a>)<o:p></o:p></font></font></font></span></p>]]></description>
            <link>http://www.animalecology.nl/student_projects/2008/04/temperature-the-cellular-immun.html</link>
            <guid>http://www.animalecology.nl/student_projects/2008/04/temperature-the-cellular-immun.html</guid>
            
                <category domain="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category">Master Project</category>
            
            
            <pubDate>Fri, 11 Apr 2008 14:58:37 +0000</pubDate>
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            <title>Onderwerp scriptie: De rol van feromonen in soortsvormingsprocessen</title>
            <description><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">Korte beschrijving: Uit recent onderzoek in voornamelijk motten blijkt dat hele kleine verschillen in feromoonsamenstellingen soorten die morfologisch veel op elkaar lijken seksueel gescheiden houden. Aangezien ik uiteindelijk de vraag wil beantwoorden of variatie in parasitoïden druk kan leiden tot soortsvorming in hun gastheer is het handig om te weten hoe vaak dit fenomeen voorkomt. Ook het precieze mechanisme (mutatie van een bepaald gen, of is er juist verschil in gen expressie) is van belang. Mijn idee is dat doordat de feromoonsamenstelling verschilt tussen resistente en niet resistente fruitvlieg lijnen dit een aanleiding zou kunnen zijn tot assortatieve paringen (niet resistente vrouwtjes kiezen voor niet resistente mannen, terwijl resistente vrouwen liever met resistente mannen paren). Wat uiteindelijk weer kan leiden tot soortsvorming.</font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"></font></font></font></span>&nbsp;</p><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="NL" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em" color="#000000">Contact: Femmie Kraaijeveld-Smit</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="NL" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"></span>&nbsp;</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="NL" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em" color="#000000">&nbsp;(<span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><a href="http://biology.leidenuniv.nl/~smit/index.html"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">http://biology.leidenuniv.nl/~smit/index.html</font></a></span>)</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></font></font></font></span></p>]]></description>
            <link>http://www.animalecology.nl/student_projects/2008/04/onderwerp-scriptie-de-rol-van.html</link>
            <guid>http://www.animalecology.nl/student_projects/2008/04/onderwerp-scriptie-de-rol-van.html</guid>
            
                <category domain="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category">Thesis (Scriptie)</category>
            
            
            <pubDate>Fri, 11 Apr 2008 14:57:03 +0000</pubDate>
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            <title>Verschillen resistente en niet resistente fruitvlieg mannetjes in hun vermogen om sperma competitie te voeren?  </title>
            <description><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">Korte beschrijving: Fruitvlieg larven worden vaak blootgesteld aan sluipwesp aanvallen. Als de sluipwesp zijn eitje gelegd heeft in de larven, dan kan de larven deze inkapselen, mits hij resistent is. Resistent zijn is niet altijd een voordeel, omdat het kostbaar is: resistente larven bewegen hun kaken minder snel, waardoor ze ook minder snel voedsel opnemen en minder snel groeien. Dit is één trade-off van resistentie. Mogelijk zijn er meer trade-offs, waaronder het vermogen om als man een vrouwtje te bevruchten. Fruitvlieg vrouwtjes paren meerdere keren in hun leven. Tussen twee paringen zit een aantal dagen. Dit komt doordat tijdens het overbrengen van sperma, er ook eiwitten bij het vrouwtje binnen komen die tijdelijk voorkomen dat het vrouwtje herpaart met een mannetje. Dit vermogen om te voorkomen dat een vrouwtje herpaart varieert tussen mannen. Ook zou het mogelijk zijn dat niet resistent fruitvlieg mannen daar beter in zijn dan resistente mannen, puur omdat het produceren van deze eiwitten mogelijk kostbaar is. Resistent zijn is duur, dus misschien heb je minder energie om deze eiwitten te maken.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><o:p></o:p></font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><o:p><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">Vraagstelling: Herparen vrouwtjes eerder als ze eerst gepaard hebben met een resistente fruitvlieg man vergeleken met vrouwtjes die eerst gepaard hebben met en niet resistente man?<o:p></o:p></font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><o:p><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">Technieken: a) het onderhouden van fruitvlieg lijnen, b)het opzetten van paringen en het paringsgedrag observeren c) data analyse met de daarbij behorende statistiek d) wordt er een verschil gevonden dan kunnen we met moleculaire technieken bepalen of de hoeveelheid eiwitten verschilt tussen controle (niet-resistent) en resistente mannen. <o:p></o:p></font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><o:p><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">Periode: Vanaf Juni 2006 tot en met December 2008.<o:p></o:p></font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">Bachelor of Masterstage: Kan allebei. Duur in overleg. <o:p></o:p></font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">Vereist: Interesse in seksuele selectie en life-history trade-offs.</font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"></font></font></font></span>&nbsp;</p><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><span lang="NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="NL" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em" color="#000000">Contact: Femmie Kraaijeveld-Smit</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="NL" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"></span>&nbsp;</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="NL" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em" color="#000000">&nbsp;(<span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><a href="http://biology.leidenuniv.nl/~smit/index.html"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">http://biology.leidenuniv.nl/~smit/index.html</font></a></span>)</font></span></p></font></font></font></span><o:p></o:p></font></font></font></span>]]></description>
            <link>http://www.animalecology.nl/student_projects/2008/04/verschillen-resistente-en-niet.html</link>
            <guid>http://www.animalecology.nl/student_projects/2008/04/verschillen-resistente-en-niet.html</guid>
            
                <category domain="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category">Bachelor Project</category>
            
                <category domain="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category">Master Project</category>
            
            
            <pubDate>Fri, 11 Apr 2008 14:55:31 +0000</pubDate>
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            <title>Variatie in paringsgedrag van resistente en niet resistente fruitvlieg mannen</title>
            <description><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 1.25em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 1.25em">Korte beschrijving: In het veld worden de larven van fruitvliegen vaak geparasiteerd door sluipwespen. Als de larve niet resistent is, ontwikkeld zich uit de fruitvlieg larve een sluipwesp i.p.v. een fruitvlieg. De mate van resistentie tegen een sluipwesp aanval varieert over heel Europa. Ook is bekend dat het paringssucces van resistente fruitvlieg mannen hoger is dan van mannen die niet immuun zijn. Dit was getest met vrouwtjes uit een gebied waar resistentie belangrijk is, omdat sluipwespen vaak aanvallen. Het is niet bekend of dit verschil in succes veroorzaakt wordt doordat vrouwtjes een voorkeur hebben voor die resistente mannen op basis van morfologische verschillen, of doordat het paringsgedrag verschilt tussen resistente en niet resistente mannen. Door vrouwtjes te manipuleren kan bepaald worden of dit gedrag verschilt. Deze gedragsobservaties zullen uitgevoerd worden in het lab van Dr. Ferveur in Dijon, Frankrijk. <o:p></o:p></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><o:p><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 1.25em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 1.25em">Vraagstelling: Is het hogere paringsucces van resistente mannen gebaseerd op gedragsverschillen tussen resistente en niet resistente fruitvlieg mannen?<o:p></o:p></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><o:p><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 1.25em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 1.25em">Technieken: a) het onderhouden van fruitvlieg lijnen, b) het opzetten en uitvoeren van gedragsobservaties van parende vliegen (daarbij gebruik makende van resistente en niet resistente mannen), waaronder ook video opnames, c) het analyseren van deze (video) data. <o:p></o:p></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><o:p><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 1.25em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 1.25em">Periode: Vanaf Juli 2006 en in overleg met Dr. Ferveur. <o:p></o:p></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 1.25em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 1.25em">Bachelor of Masterstage: Minimale duur van 3 maanden, waarvan 1 maand in Dijon. <o:p></o:p></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.64em"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 1.25em">Vereist: Interesse in gedragsbiologie en zin in een tripje naar Frankrijk. Het spreken van de Franse taal zou een voordeel zijn</font>.</font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.64em"></font></font></font></span>&nbsp;</p><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="NL" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em" color="#000000">Contact: Femmie Kraaijeveld-Smit</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="NL" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"></span>&nbsp;</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="NL" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em" color="#000000">&nbsp;(<span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><a href="http://biology.leidenuniv.nl/~smit/index.html"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">http://biology.leidenuniv.nl/~smit/index.html</font></a></span>)</font></span></p><o:p></o:p></font></font></font></span>]]></description>
            <link>http://www.animalecology.nl/student_projects/2008/04/variatie-in-paringsgedrag-van.html</link>
            <guid>http://www.animalecology.nl/student_projects/2008/04/variatie-in-paringsgedrag-van.html</guid>
            
                <category domain="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category">Bachelor Project</category>
            
                <category domain="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category">Master Project</category>
            
            
            <pubDate>Fri, 11 Apr 2008 14:40:14 +0000</pubDate>
        </item>
        
        <item>
            <title>Correlatie tussen resistentie en feromoon concentratie</title>
            <description><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="NL" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: NL"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">Ik ben al een tijdje bezig om uit te zoeken of fruitvliegen die resistent zijn tegen sluipwesp aanvallen anders ruiken dan fruitvliegen die niet resistent zijn (Gas Chromatograaf analyses van de feromonen). Het probleem met de resistente lijnen is dat ze nooit 100% resistent worden (maar 60%). Dus alle schijnbare verschillen tussen de controle en resistente lijnen zijn bijna nooit significant. Het mooiste zou zijn als de feromoon samenstelling van de mannetjes gecorreleerd<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>kon worden met hun resistentie niveau. Dit zou haalbaar zijn door mannetjes te laten paren met niet resistente vrouwtjes. Daarna de GC analyse uit te voeren op de mannetjes plus het resistentie niveau van de nakomelingen bepalen. Vervolgens zou een correlatie analyse (met nakomelingen resistentie op de x - as en feromoon concentratie op de y-as) moeten aantonen of resistente mannen inderdaad meer of minder van een bepaald feromoon hebben. <o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="NL" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: NL"><o:p><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em" color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="NL" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: NL"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">Periode: Vanaf October 2007<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="NL" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: NL"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em" color="#000000">Mogelijk als Bachelor of Master stage</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="NL" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: NL"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em" color="#000000"></font></span>&nbsp;</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="NL" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: NL"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em" color="#000000">Contact: Femmie Kraaijeveld-Smit</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="NL" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: NL"></span>&nbsp;</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="NL" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: NL"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em" color="#000000">&nbsp;(<span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><a href="http://biology.leidenuniv.nl/~smit/index.html"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">http://biology.leidenuniv.nl/~smit/index.html</font></a></span>)</font></span></p>]]></description>
            <link>http://www.animalecology.nl/student_projects/2008/04/correlatie-tussen-resistentie.html</link>
            <guid>http://www.animalecology.nl/student_projects/2008/04/correlatie-tussen-resistentie.html</guid>
            
                <category domain="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category">Bachelor Project</category>
            
                <category domain="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category">Master Project</category>
            
            
            <pubDate>Fri, 11 Apr 2008 14:37:38 +0000</pubDate>
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        <item>
            <title>De correlatie tussen paringsucces van resistente en niet resistente fruitvlieg mannen en de feromonen op de huid van deze mannetjes</title>
            <description><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">Korte beschrijving: De mate van resistentie onder fruitvliegen tegen parasitisme door sluipwespen varieert over heel Europa. Ook is bekend dat het paringssucces van resistente fruitvlieg mannen hoger is dan van mannen die niet immuun zijn. Dit was getest met vrouwtjes uit een gebied waar resistentie belangrijk is, omdat sluipwespen vaak aanvallen. We weten dat de feromoonsamenstelling op de huid van de mannetjes verschilt tussen resistente en niet resistente mannen. Het zou dus kunnen zijn dat vrouwtjes aan de hand van deze feromonen (koolwaterstofverbindingen) kunnen inschatten of het een geschikte partner is (geschikt is dan in het geval waar resistent zijn van belang is de resistente man). Om dit te testen zullen we proberen de feromonen van resistente mannen over te brengen op niet resistente mannen. Vrouwtjes mogen dan vervolgens kiezen tussen deze geparfumeerde man en een ongeparfumeerde controle man (niet resistent).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span><o:p></o:p></font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><o:p><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">Vraagstelling: Is het verschil in paringsucces van resistente en niet resistente fruitvlieg mannen gebaseerd op het verschil in de koolwaterstoffen op de huid van deze mannetjes?<o:p></o:p></font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><o:p><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">Technieken: a) het onderhouden van fruitvlieg lijnen, b) het uittesten van de beste parfumeer techniek, c) gas chromatografie om koolwaterstofverbindingen vast te stellen en ook het uitwerken van de gegevens, d)het opzetten van paringen en het paringsgedrag observeren d) data analyse met de daarbij behorende statistiek<o:p></o:p></font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><o:p><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em" color="#000000" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">Periode: Het gehele jaar door, vanaf Juni 2006 tot en met December 2008.<o:p></o:p></font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">Bachelor of Masterstage: De duur van de stage is minimaal 3 maanden.<o:p></o:p></font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">Vereist: Interesse in en verstand van seksuele selectie en soortsvorming</font></font></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em"></font></font></font></span>&nbsp;</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 0.8em">Contact: Femmie Kraaijeveld-Smit <o:p></o:p></font></font></font></span></p>]]></description>
            <link>http://www.animalecology.nl/student_projects/2008/04/de-correlatie-tussen-paringsuc.html</link>
            <guid>http://www.animalecology.nl/student_projects/2008/04/de-correlatie-tussen-paringsuc.html</guid>
            
                <category domain="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category">Bachelor Project</category>
            
                <category domain="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category">Master Project</category>
            
            
            <pubDate>Fri, 11 Apr 2008 14:35:49 +0000</pubDate>
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